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<h1 class="firstHeading">Utilisateur:Bibi Saint-Pol/Cahier de brouillon</h1>
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<h3 id="siteSub">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</h3>
<div id="contentSub"><span class="subpages">< <a href="../../../../articles/b/i/b/Utilisateur%7EBibi_Saint-Pol_2aaa.html" title="Utilisateur:Bibi Saint-Pol">Utilisateur:Bibi Saint-Pol</a></span></div>
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<div class="bandeau-titre"><strong>Cet article est un brouillon, situé dans l'espace personnel de <a href="../../../../articles/b/i/b/Utilisateur%7EBibi_Saint-Pol_2aaa.html" title="Utilisateur:Bibi Saint-Pol">Bibi Saint-Pol</a>.</strong></div>
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<p>Cette page est dédiée à la gestation de mes âneries. Il n'y a donc lieu de s'effrayer que si vous y trouvez des choses justes.</p>
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<h2>Sommaire</h2>
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<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Couples"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Couples</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#La_Titanomachie"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">La Titanomachie</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Titanomachie_et_Th.C3.A9ogonie"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Titanomachie et Théogonie</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Titanomachie_et_Cycle_.C3.A9pique"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Titanomachie et Cycle épique</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Titanomachie_et_Gigantomachie"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Titanomachie et Gigantomachie</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Voir_aussi"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Voir aussi</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Articles_connexes"><span class="tocnumber">2.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Articles connexes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Bibliographie"><span class="tocnumber">2.5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliographie</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Lien_externe"><span class="tocnumber">2.5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Lien externe</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Traduction_de_en:Greek_sea_gods"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Traduction de en:Greek sea gods</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Types_of_Sea-Gods"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Types of Sea-Gods</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Divinit.C3.A9s_primordiales"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Divinités primordiales</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Pos.C3.A9idon_et_les_h.C3.A9ros"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Poséidon et les héros</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Vieillards_et_nymphes"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Vieillards et nymphes</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Otherworld_and_Craft"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Otherworld and Craft</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Art_and_Literature"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Art and Literature</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Bibliographie_2"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliographie</span></a></li>
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<p><a name="Couples" id="Couples"></a></p>
<h1><span class="editsection">[<a href="../../../../articles/b/i/b/Utilisateur%7EBibi_Saint-Pol_Cahier_de_brouillon_3a28.html" title="Modifier la section : Couples">modifier</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Couples</span></h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="../../../../articles/h/%C3%A9/r/H%C3%A9ro_et_L%C3%A9andre_85df.html" title="Héro et Léandre">Héro et Léandre</a></li>
<li><a href="../../../../articles/a/c/o/Acontios_et_Cydippe_9221.html" title="Acontios et Cydippe">Acontios et Cydippe</a></li>
<li><a href="../../../../articles/p/h/i/Phil%C3%A9mon_et_Baucis_1ade.html" title="Philémon et Baucis">Philémon et Baucis</a></li>
<li><a href="../../../../articles/p/y/r/Pyrame_et_Thisb%C3%A9_b121.html" title="Pyrame et Thisbé">Pyrame et Thisbé</a></li>
<li><a href="../../../../articles/p/y/g/Pygmalion_et_Galat%C3%A9e_0350.html" title="Pygmalion et Galatée">Pygmalion et Galatée</a></li>
<li><a href="../../../../articles/a/l/c/Alcyone_et_C%C3%A9yx_4533.html" title="Alcyone et Céyx">Alcyone et Céyx</a></li>
<li><a href="../../../../articles/i/p/h/Iphis_et_Ianth%C3%A9_5710.html" title="Iphis et Ianthé">Iphis et Ianthé</a></li>
<li><a href="../../../../articles/c/%C3%A9/p/C%C3%A9phale_et_Procris_c7be.html" title="Céphale et Procris">Céphale et Procris</a></li>
<li>Timagoras et Mélès</li>
<li>Corésos et Callirrhoé</li>
</ul>
<p><br /></p>
<p><a name="La_Titanomachie" id="La_Titanomachie"></a></p>
<h1><span class="editsection">[<a href="../../../../articles/b/i/b/Utilisateur%7EBibi_Saint-Pol_Cahier_de_brouillon_3a28.html" title="Modifier la section : La Titanomachie">modifier</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">La Titanomachie</span></h1>
<div class="homonymie">Pour les articles <a href="../../../../articles/h/o/m/Aide%7EHomonymie_2a52.html" title="Aide:Homonymie">homonymes</a>, voir <a href="../../../../articles/t/i/t/Titanomachie_%28homonymie%29.html" title="Titanomachie (homonymie)">Titanomachie (homonymie)</a>. <a href="../../../../articles/d/i/s/Image%7EDisambig.svg_8f13.html" class="image" title="Disambig.svg"><img alt="" src="../../../../images/shared/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/20px-Disambig.svg.png" width="20" height="16" border="0" /></a></div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:282px;"><a href="../../../../articles/t/i/t/Image%7ETitan_struck_Dumont_Louvre_MR1840.jpg_a093.html" class="image" title="François Dumont, Titan foudroyé, marbre, 1712, musée du Louvre"><img alt="François Dumont, Titan foudroyé, marbre, 1712, musée du Louvre" src="../../../../images/shared/thumb/d/d7/Titan_struck_Dumont_Louvre_MR1840.jpg/280px-Titan_struck_Dumont_Louvre_MR1840.jpg" width="280" height="223" border="0" class="thumbimage" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="../../../../articles/t/i/t/Image%7ETitan_struck_Dumont_Louvre_MR1840.jpg_a093.html" class="internal" title="Agrandir"><img src="../../../../skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<a href="../../../../articles/f/r/a/Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumont_03c4.html" title="François Dumont">François Dumont</a>, <i><a href="../../../../articles/t/i/t/Titan_%28mythologie_grecque%29.html" title="Titan (mythologie grecque)">Titan</a> foudroyé</i>, <a href="../../../../articles/m/a/r/Marbre.html" title="Marbre">marbre</a>, <a href="../../../../articles/1/7/1/1712.html" title="1712">1712</a>, <a href="../../../../articles/m/u/s/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_70e3.html" title="Musée du Louvre">musée du Louvre</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p><i><b>La Titanomachie</b></i> (du <a href="../../../../articles/g/r/e/Grec_ancien.html" title="Grec ancien">grec ancien</a> Modèle:Polytonique / <i>Titanomakhía</i>) est un poème <a href="../../../../articles/%C3%A9/p/o/%C3%89pop%C3%A9e.html" title="Épopée">épique</a> perdu de la <a href="../../../../articles/g/r/%C3%A8/Gr%C3%A8ce_antique.html" title="Grèce antique">Grèce antique</a>.</p>
<p><a name="Titanomachie_et_Th.C3.A9ogonie" id="Titanomachie_et_Th.C3.A9ogonie"></a></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="../../../../articles/b/i/b/Utilisateur%7EBibi_Saint-Pol_Cahier_de_brouillon_3a28.html" title="Modifier la section : Titanomachie et Théogonie">modifier</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline"><i>Titanomachie</i> et <i>Théogonie</i></span></h2>
<p><a name="Titanomachie_et_Cycle_.C3.A9pique" id="Titanomachie_et_Cycle_.C3.A9pique"></a></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="../../../../articles/b/i/b/Utilisateur%7EBibi_Saint-Pol_Cahier_de_brouillon_3a28.html" title="Modifier la section : Titanomachie et Cycle épique">modifier</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline"><i>Titanomachie</i> et Cycle épique</span></h2>
<p>D'après <a href="../../../../articles/p/h/o/Photios.html" title="Photios">Photios</a> (épitome de la <i>Chrestomathie</i> de <a href="../../../../articles/p/r/o/Proclos.html" title="Proclos">Proclos</a>, test. 13 PEG), le <a href="../../../../articles/c/y/c/Cycle_troyen.html" title="Cycle troyen">Cycle épique</a> (ensemble d'épopées sur les légendes de la <a href="../../../../articles/g/u/e/Guerre_de_Troie_f518.html" title="Guerre de Troie">guerre de Troie</a> et vraisemblablement de <a href="../../../../articles/t/h/%C3%A8/Th%C3%A8bes_%28Gr%C3%A8ce%29_f653.html" title="Thèbes (Grèce)">Thèbes</a>) commençait avec l'union de <a href="../../../../articles/g/a/%C3%AF/Ga%C3%AFa.html" title="Gaïa">Gaïa</a> (la Terre) et d'<a href="../../../../articles/o/u/r/Ouranos.html" title="Ouranos">Ouranos</a> (le Ciel), qui engendraient les <a href="../../../../articles/h/%C3%A9/c/H%C3%A9catonchires.html" title="Hécatonchires">Hécatonchires</a> et des <a href="../../../../articles/c/y/c/Cyclopes.html" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclopes">Cyclopes</a>. Si ce passage atteste que le Cycle débutait bien par une théogonie distincte de celle d'Hésiode, rien ne permet cependant d'affirmer qu'il s'agissait de <i>la Titanomachie</i>.</p>
<p><a name="Titanomachie_et_Gigantomachie" id="Titanomachie_et_Gigantomachie"></a></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="../../../../articles/b/i/b/Utilisateur%7EBibi_Saint-Pol_Cahier_de_brouillon_3a28.html" title="Modifier la section : Titanomachie et Gigantomachie">modifier</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline"><i>Titanomachie</i> et <i>Gigantomachie</i></span></h2>
<p>Une œuvre intitulée <i>la Gigantomachie</i> est attestée dans une scholie d'<a href="../../../../articles/a/p/o/Apollonios_de_Rhodes_708e.html" title="Apollonios de Rhodes">Apollonios de Rhodes</a> (I, 554). Cependant, comme le résume Timothy Gantz<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0" title=""><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, l'existence d'une telle œuvre est incertaine : d'une part, les auteurs tardifs amalgamaient fréquemment Titans et <a href="../../../../articles/g/%C3%A9/a/G%C3%A9ant_%28mythologie_grecque%29.html" title="Géant (mythologie grecque)">Géants</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1" title=""><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ; d'autre part, le passage de la scholie fait état de la naissance <a href="../../../../articles/c/h/i/Chiron.html" title="Chiron">Chiron</a>, qui n'a traditionnellement aucun rôle dans la <a href="../../../../articles/g/i/g/Gigantomachie.html" title="Gigantomachie">gigantomachie</a> et dont <a href="../../../../articles/c/l/%C3%A9/Cl%C3%A9ment_d%27Alexandrie_28ad.html" title="Clément d'Alexandrie">Clément d'Alexandrie</a> nous apprend qu'il apparaissait dans <i>la Titanomachie</i> (fr. 11 PEG). Le terme de « Gigantomachie » pourrait donc avoir été employé par erreur pour « Titanomachie », ou bien le scholiaste a voulu désigner par ce titre une <a href="../../../../articles/c/o/d/Coda.html" title="Coda">coda</a> à <i>la Titanomachie</i> qui traitait de la guerre des Géants (chose possible si l'on admet, comme le rapporte le <a href="../../../../articles/p/s/e/Pseudo-Apollodore_9876.html" title="Pseudo-Apollodore">pseudo-Apollodore</a>, que cette seconde guerre est la conséquence de la première).</p>
<p>Sous une forme ou une autre, il existait vraisemblablement un ou plusieurs récits archaïques sur la matière de la gigantomachie : dans le proème de <i>la Théogonie</i> (v. 50-52), il est question que les <a href="../../../../articles/m/u/s/Muses.html" title="Muses">Muses</a> « louent la race des mortels et des Géants vigoureux<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2" title=""><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> » ; de même, dans un fragment conservé de <a href="../../../../articles/x/%C3%A9/n/X%C3%A9nophane.html" class="mw-redirect" title="Xénophane">Xénophane</a> contre les déclamations épiques<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3" title=""><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, la gigantomachie est citée parmi les sujets qu'il convient d'éviter. Mais ces œuvres nous sont entièrement perdues, nous laissant réduits aux conjectures<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4" title=""><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p>
<p><a name="Notes" id="Notes"></a></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="../../../../articles/b/i/b/Utilisateur%7EBibi_Saint-Pol_Cahier_de_brouillon_3a28.html" title="Modifier la section : Notes">modifier</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Notes</span></h2>
<div style="font-size: 85%">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-0"><span class="renvois_vers_le_texte"><a href="#cite_ref-0" title="">↑</a></span> Timothy Gantz, <i>Mythes de la Grèce archaïque</i>, Belin, 2004 <small>[<a href="../../../../articles/e/a/r/R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence%7EEarly_Greek_Myth_%28Timothy_Gantz%29_cc2c.html#Belin_.28traduction_fran.C3.A7aise.29" title="Référence:Early Greek Myth (Timothy Gantz)">détail édition</a>]</small>, p. 788-789.</li>
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="renvois_vers_le_texte"><a href="#cite_ref-1" title="">↑</a></span> Cf. Francis Vian, « La Guerre des Géants. Le Mythe avant l'époque hellénistique », dans <i>L'Année sociologique</i>, 3<sup class="exposant">e</sup> série (1952), Paris, p. 169-174.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="renvois_vers_le_texte"><a href="#cite_ref-2" title="">↑</a></span> Traduction de M. A. Bignan.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="renvois_vers_le_texte"><a href="#cite_ref-3" title="">↑</a></span> <span style="cursor:help;font-family:monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:small" title="Langue : grec ancien">(grc)</span> M.L. West, <i>Iambi et Elegi Graeci</i>, Oxford, 1971, fr. I, 21.</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="renvois_vers_le_texte"><a href="#cite_ref-4" title="">↑</a></span> Sur un fragment de papyrus d'<a href="../../../../articles/i/b/y/Ibycos.html" title="Ibycos">Ibycos</a>, auteur lyrique du <a href="../../../../articles/v/i/e/VIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C._4c89.html" title="VIe siècle av. J.-C."><span class="romain" title="Nombre écrit en chiffres romains">VI</span><sup class="exposant">e</sup> siècle <span style="white-space:nowrap">av. J.-C.</span></a>, on retrouve les mots <span class="lang-grc" lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μαχία</span> / <i>makía</i> (« combat ») et <span class="lang-grc" lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Γιγάντες</span> / <i>Gigántes</i> (« Géants ») juxtaposés. Voir <span style="cursor:help;font-family:monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:small" title="Langue : grec ancien">(grc)</span> D.L. Page, <i>Supplementum Lyricis Graecis</i>, Oxford, 1974, fr. 192a.</li>
</ol>
</div>
<p><a name="Voir_aussi" id="Voir_aussi"></a></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="../../../../articles/b/i/b/Utilisateur%7EBibi_Saint-Pol_Cahier_de_brouillon_3a28.html" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi">modifier</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Voir aussi</span></h2>
<p><a name="Articles_connexes" id="Articles_connexes"></a></p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="../../../../articles/b/i/b/Utilisateur%7EBibi_Saint-Pol_Cahier_de_brouillon_3a28.html" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes">modifier</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Articles connexes</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="../../../../articles/t/h/%C3%A9/Th%C3%A9ogonie_%28H%C3%A9siode%29_b005.html" title="Théogonie (Hésiode)">Théogonie</a></li>
<li><a href="../../../../articles/c/y/c/Cycle_troyen.html" title="Cycle troyen">Cycle troyen</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="Bibliographie" id="Bibliographie"></a></p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="../../../../articles/b/i/b/Utilisateur%7EBibi_Saint-Pol_Cahier_de_brouillon_3a28.html" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie">modifier</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Bibliographie</span></h3>
<dl>
<dt>Éditions</dt>
</dl>
<ul>
<li>Consulter la <a href="../../../../articles/f/r/a/R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence%7EFragments_%C3%A9piques_grecs_7f96.html" title="Référence:Fragments épiques grecs">liste des éditions de cette œuvre</a> <a href="../../../../articles/b/o/o/Image%7EBooks-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg_1262.html" class="image" title="liste des éditions"><img alt="liste des éditions" src="../../../../images/shared/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/18px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" width="18" height="16" border="0" /></a>.</li>
</ul>
<dl>
<dt>Études</dt>
</dl>
<ul>
<li><span style="cursor:help;font-family:monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:small" title="Langue : allemand">(de)</span> J. Görig et O. Gigon, <i>Der Kampf der Götter und der Titanen</i> [« Le Combat des dieux et des Titans »], Olten-Lausanne, 1961.</li>
</ul>
<p><a name="Lien_externe" id="Lien_externe"></a></p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="../../../../articles/b/i/b/Utilisateur%7EBibi_Saint-Pol_Cahier_de_brouillon_3a28.html" title="Modifier la section : Lien externe">modifier</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Lien externe</span></h3>
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<li><span style="cursor:help;font-family:monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:small" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</span> <a href="http://omacl.org/Hesiod/epiccyc.html" class="external text" title="http://omacl.org/Hesiod/epiccyc.html" rel="nofollow">Fragments en ligne (Evelyn-White)</a></li>
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<p><a href="../../../../articles/%C3%A9/p/o/Cat%C3%A9gorie%7E%C3%89pop%C3%A9e_0f4e.html" title="Catégorie:Épopée">Titanomachie, La</a> <a href="../../../../articles/l/i/t/Cat%C3%A9gorie%7ELitt%C3%A9rature_grecque_archa%C3%AFque_c19a.html" title="Catégorie:Littérature grecque archaïque">Titanomachie, La</a> <a href="../../../../articles/p/o/%C3%A9/Cat%C3%A9gorie%7EPo%C3%A9sie_grecque_cf14.html" title="Catégorie:Poésie grecque">Titanomachie, La</a> <a href="../../../../articles/s/o/u/Cat%C3%A9gorie%7ESource_de_la_mythologie_grecque_f151.html" title="Catégorie:Source de la mythologie grecque">Titanomachie, La</a> <a href="../../../../articles/%C5%93/u/v/Cat%C3%A9gorie%7E%C5%92uvre_perdue_25fe.html" title="Catégorie:Œuvre perdue">Titanomachie, La</a></p>
<p><a name="Traduction_de_en:Greek_sea_gods" id="Traduction_de_en:Greek_sea_gods"></a></p>
<h1><span class="editsection">[<a href="../../../../articles/b/i/b/Utilisateur%7EBibi_Saint-Pol_Cahier_de_brouillon_3a28.html" title="Modifier la section : Traduction de en:Greek sea gods">modifier</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Traduction de <a href="../../../../../en/articles/g/r/e/Greek_sea_gods.html" class="extiw" title="en:Greek_sea_gods">en:Greek sea gods</a></span></h1>
<p>La <b><a href="../../../../articles/m/y/t/Mythologie_grecque.html" title="Mythologie grecque">mythologie grecque</a></b> compte de nombreuses <b>divinités marines</b>.</p>
<p>The philosopher <a href="../../../../articles/p/l/a/Plato.html" title="Plato">Plato</a> once remarked that the Greeks were like frogs sitting around a pond - their many cities hugging close to the <a href="../../../../articles/m/e/d/Mediterranean.html" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> coastline from the Hellenic homeland to <a href="../../../../articles/a/s/i/Asie_Mineure_b983.html" class="mw-redirect" title="Asie Mineure">Asie Mineure</a>, <a href="../../../../articles/c/y/r/Cyr%C3%A8ne_%28ville%29.html" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrène (ville)">Libye</a>, <a href="../../../../articles/s/i/c/Sicile.html" title="Sicile">Sicile</a> and Italie du Sud. Il était naturel, dans ce contexte, de développer une grande variété de divinités marines. The range of Greek sea gods of the classical era range from primordial powers and an Olympian on the one hand, to heroized mortals, chthonic nymphs, <a href="../../../../articles/t/r/i/Trickster.html" title="Trickster">trickster</a>-figures, and monsters on the other.</p>
<p>These gods are valuable to study for several reasons. First, because the sea loomed so large in Greek life of all periods, a great deal of moral, cosmological and mythopoetic thought is wrapped up in its divinities. Second, the sheer variety and strangeness of the Greek sea gods seem to hold forth hints about the pre-history of Greek religion.</p>
<p><a name="Types_of_Sea-Gods" id="Types_of_Sea-Gods"></a></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="../../../../articles/b/i/b/Utilisateur%7EBibi_Saint-Pol_Cahier_de_brouillon_3a28.html" title="Modifier la section : Types of Sea-Gods">modifier</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Types of Sea-Gods</span></h2>
<p><a name="Divinit.C3.A9s_primordiales" id="Divinit.C3.A9s_primordiales"></a></p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="../../../../articles/b/i/b/Utilisateur%7EBibi_Saint-Pol_Cahier_de_brouillon_3a28.html" title="Modifier la section : Divinités primordiales">modifier</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Divinités primordiales</span></h3>
<p>Selon plusieurs sources archaïques, les <a href="../../../../articles/d/i/v/Divinit%C3%A9s_grecques_primordiales.html" title="Divinités grecques primordiales">divinités primordiales</a> étaient issues de la mer. Ainsi <i><a href="../../../../articles/l/27/i/L%27Iliade_627e.html" title="L'Iliade">l'Iliade</a></i> fait d'<a href="../../../../articles/o/c/%C3%A9/Oc%C3%A9an_%28mythologie%29.html" title="Océan (mythologie)">Océan</a> et <a href="../../../../articles/t/%C3%A9/t/T%C3%A9thys_%28mythologie%29.html" title="Téthys (mythologie)">Téthys</a> le père et la mère des autres dieux, tandis que poète <a href="../../../../articles/s/p/a/Sparte.html" title="Sparte">spartiate</a> <a href="../../../../articles/a/l/c/Alcman.html" title="Alcman">Alcman</a> fait de la <a href="../../../../articles/n/y/m/Nymphe_grecque.html" title="Nymphe grecque">nymphe</a> marine <a href="../../../../articles/t/h/%C3%A9/Th%C3%A9tis.html" title="Thétis">Thétis</a> une figure <a href="../../../../articles/d/%C3%A9/m/D%C3%A9miurge.html" title="Démiurge">démiurgique</a> ; au chant I des <i>Argonautiques <a href="../../../../articles/o/r/p/Orphisme.html" title="Orphisme">orphiques</a></i> ???, une autre nymphe marine, <a href="../../../../articles/e/u/r/Eurynom%C3%A9_%28Oc%C3%A9anide%29_9a0a.html" title="Eurynomé (Océanide)">Eurynomé</a> est citée comme la première reine des dieux, femme d'<a href="../../../../articles/o/p/h/Ophion_%28mythologie%29.html" title="Ophion (mythologie)">Ophion</a> <a href="../../../../articles/o/r/p/Orpheus.html" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>'s song in Book I of the <i>Argonautica</i> hymns the sea-nymph <a href="../../../../articles/e/u/r/Eurynome.html" title="Eurynome">Eurynome</a> as first queen of the gods, as wife of the ocean-born giant Ophion.</p>
<p>La <a href="../../../../articles/c/o/s/Cosmogonie.html" title="Cosmogonie">cosmogonie</a> <a href="../../../../articles/p/r/%C3%A9/Pr%C3%A9socratiques.html" title="Présocratiques">présocratique</a> de <a href="../../../../articles/t/h/a/Thal%C3%A8s.html" title="Thalès">Thalès</a>, qui fait de l'eau le premier de squatre éléments, peut être vue comme natural outgrowth of this poetic thinking.</p>
<p>The primacy of aquatic gods is reminiscent of, and may have been borrowed from, ancient Near Eastern mythology - where <a href="../../../../articles/t/i/a/Tiamat.html" title="Tiamat">Tiamat</a> (salt water) and <a href="../../../../articles/a/p/s/Apsu.html" class="mw-redirect" title="Apsu">Apsu</a> (fresh water) are the first gods of the <a href="../../../../articles/e/n/u/Enuma_Elish_fd47.html" title="Enuma Elish">Enuma Elish</a>, and where the Spirit of God is said to have "hovered over the waters" in <a href="../../../../articles/g/e/n/Genesis.html" title="Genesis">Genesis</a>.</p>
<p><a name="Pos.C3.A9idon_et_les_h.C3.A9ros" id="Pos.C3.A9idon_et_les_h.C3.A9ros"></a></p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="../../../../articles/b/i/b/Utilisateur%7EBibi_Saint-Pol_Cahier_de_brouillon_3a28.html" title="Modifier la section : Poséidon et les héros">modifier</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Poséidon et les héros</span></h3>
<p><a href="../../../../articles/p/o/s/Poseidon.html" class="mw-redirect" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>, as god of the sea, was an important <b>Olympian</b> power; he was the chief patron of <a href="../../../../articles/c/o/r/Corinth.html" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>, many cities of <a href="../../../../articles/m/a/g/Magna_Graecia_cc44.html" class="mw-redirect" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>, and also of <a href="../../../../articles/p/l/a/Plato.html" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s legendary <a href="../../../../articles/a/t/l/Atlantis.html" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a>.</p>
<p>Historians of ancient religion generally agree that Poseidon was a horse-god before he was a sea-god. As such, he was intimately connected with the pre-historic office of king - whose chief emblem of power and primary sacrificial animal was the <a href="../../../../articles/h/o/r/Horse.html" title="Horse">horse</a>. Thus, on the Mycenean Linear B tablets found at <a href="../../../../articles/p/y/l/Pylos.html" title="Pylos">Pylos</a>, the name PO-SE-DA-WO-NE (Poseidon) occurs frequently in connection with the <i>wanax</i> ("king"), whose power and wealth were increasingly maritime rather than equestrian in nature. Surprisingly, Poseidon's name is found with greater frequency than that of <a href="../../../../articles/z/e/u/Zeus.html" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> (DI-U-JA), and is commonly linked (often in a secondary role) with <a href="../../../../articles/d/e/m/Demeter.html" title="Demeter">Demeter</a> (DA-MA-TE).</p>
<p>When the office of <i>wanax</i> disappeared during the Greek Dark Ages, the link between Poseidon and the kingship was largely, although not entirely, forgotten. In classical <a href="../../../../articles/a/t/h/Athens.html" title="Athens">Athens</a>, Poseidon was remembered as both the opponent and doublet of Erechtheus, the first king of Athens. Erechtheus was given a hero-cult at his tomb under the title <i>Poseidon Erechtheus</i>.</p>
<p>In another possible echo of this archaic association, the chief ritual of <a href="../../../../articles/a/t/l/Atlantis.html" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a>, according to <a href="../../../../articles/p/l/a/Plato.html" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <i>Critias</i>, was a nocturnal horse-sacrifice offered to Poseidon by the kings of the imagined island power.</p>
<p>In keeping with the mythopoetic equation between horsemanship and seamanship, the equestrian <b>heroes</b> Castor and Pollux were invoked by sailors against shipwreck. Ancient Greeks interpreted the phenomenon now called St. Elmo's Fire as the visible presence of the two demigods.</p>
<p><a name="Vieillards_et_nymphes" id="Vieillards_et_nymphes"></a></p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="../../../../articles/b/i/b/Utilisateur%7EBibi_Saint-Pol_Cahier_de_brouillon_3a28.html" title="Modifier la section : Vieillards et nymphes">modifier</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Vieillards et nymphes</span></h3>
<p>Several names of sea gods conform to a single type: that of Homer's <i>halios geron</i> or <b>Old Man of the Sea:</b> <a href="../../../../articles/n/e/r/Nereus.html" title="Nereus">Nereus</a>, <a href="../../../../articles/p/r/o/Proteus.html" title="Proteus">Proteus</a>, <a href="../../../../articles/g/l/a/Glaucus.html" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucus">Glaucus</a> and Phorkys. Each one is a shape-shifter, a prophet, and the father of either radiantly beautiful nymphs and hideous monsters. Nymphs and monsters blur, for Hesiod relates that Phorcys was wed to the "beautiful-cheeked" <a href="../../../../articles/c/e/t/Ceto.html" title="Ceto">Ceto</a>, whose name is merely the feminine of the monstrous <a href="../../../../articles/c/e/t/Cetus.html" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetus">Cetus</a>, to whom <a href="../../../../articles/a/n/d/Andromeda.html" title="Andromeda">Andromeda</a> was due to be sacrificed. Each appearance in myth tends to emphasize a different aspect of the archetype: Proteus and Nereus as shape-shifters and tricksters, Phorcys as a father of monsters, Nereus and Glaucus for truth-telling, Nereus for the beauty of his daughters.</p>
<p>Each one of these Old Men is the father or grandfather of many <b>nymphs</b> and/or <b>monsters</b>, who often bear names that are either allegorical (<i><a href="../../../../articles/t/h/e/Thetis.html" class="mw-redirect" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></i>, "establishment"; <i><a href="../../../../articles/t/e/l/Telesto.html" class="mw-redirect" title="Telesto">Telesto</a></i>, "success") or geographical (<i>Rhode</i> from "Rhodes"; <i>Nilos</i>, "Nile"). Each cluster of Old Man and daughters is therefore a kind of pantheon in miniature, each one a different possible configuration of the spiritual, moral and physical world writ small - and writ around the sea.</p>
<p>The tantalizing figure of the halios geron has been a favorite of scholarship. The Old Men have been seen as everything from survivals of old Aegean gods who presided over the waves before <a href="../../../../articles/p/o/s/Poseidon.html" class="mw-redirect" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> (Kerenyi) to embodiments of archaic speculation on the relation of truth to cunning <a href="../../../../articles/i/n/t/Intelligence.html" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a> (Detienne).</p>
<p><a href="../../../../articles/h/o/m/Homer.html" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <a href="../../../../articles/o/d/y/Odyssey.html" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a> contains a haunting description of a cave of the Nereids on <a href="../../../../articles/i/t/h/Ithaca.html" title="Ithaca">Ithaca</a>, close by a harbor sacred to <a href="../../../../articles/p/h/o/Phorcys.html" title="Phorcys">Phorcys</a>. The Neoplatonist philosopher Porphyry read this passage as an allegory of the whole universe - and he may not have far off the mark.</p>
<p><a name="Otherworld_and_Craft" id="Otherworld_and_Craft"></a></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="../../../../articles/b/i/b/Utilisateur%7EBibi_Saint-Pol_Cahier_de_brouillon_3a28.html" title="Modifier la section : Otherworld and Craft">modifier</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Otherworld and Craft</span></h2>
<p>The sea - at once barren and prosperity-bringing, loomed large and ambivalently in the Greek mind. Aside from the ebb and flow of piracy sea-travel was fraught with superhuman hazard and uncertainty until the Industrial Revolution. It is impossible to assess the spiritual crisis in Aegean culture's relations with the sea's dangers and the capacity of its divinities that must have been engendered by the <a href="../../../../articles/t/s/u/Tsunami.html" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a> that accompanied the volcanic explosion and collapse of <a href="../../../../articles/t/h/e/Thera.html" title="Thera">Thera</a>, ca. 1650 – 1600 BCE. Can the sense of the sea and its deities have survived the cataclysm unchanged? It seems unlikely. The sea could therefore stand as a powerful symbol of the unknown and otherwordly.</p>
<p>Thus Cape Tanaerum, the point at which mainland Greece juts most sharply into the <a href="../../../../articles/m/e/d/Mediterranean.html" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, was at once an important sailor's landmark, a shrine of <a href="../../../../articles/p/o/s/Poseidon.html" class="mw-redirect" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>, and the point at which <a href="../../../../articles/o/r/p/Orpheus.html" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> and <a href="../../../../articles/h/e/r/Heracles.html" class="mw-redirect" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> were said to have entered <a href="../../../../articles/h/a/d/Hades.html" class="mw-redirect" title="Hades">Hades</a>.</p>
<p>This motif is apparent in the paradoxical festivals of the shadowy sea-deity Leucothea ("white goddess"), celebrated in many cities throughout the Greek world. Identifying her with the drowned heroine <a href="../../../../articles/i/n/o/Ino.html" title="Ino">Ino</a>, worshippers would offer sacrifice while engaged in frenzied mourning. The philosopher Xenophanes once remarked that if Leucothea were a goddess, one should not lament her; if she were mortal, one should not sacrifice to her.</p>
<p>At the same time, man's (always partial) mastery over the dangerous sea was one of the most potent marks of human achievement. This theme is exemplified in the second choral ode of Sophocles's <i>Antigone</i>:</p>
<dl>
<dd><i>Wonders are many, and none is more wonderful than man. This power spans the sea, even when it surges white before the gales of the south-wind, and makes a path under swells that threaten to engulf him.</i> (lines 332-338)</dd>
</dl>
<p>Certain sea divinities are thus intimately bound up with the practice of human handiwork. The <a href="../../../../articles/t/e/l/Telchines.html" title="Telchines">Telchines</a>, for example, were a class of half-human, half-otter aquatic daemons said to have been the first inhabitants of <a href="../../../../articles/r/h/o/Rhodes.html" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>. These beings were at once revered for their metalwork and reviled for their death-dealing power of the evil eye. In Aeschylus's <i>Prometheus Bound</i>, the imprisoned craftsman is aided by the daughters of <a href="../../../../articles/o/c/e/Oceanus.html" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanus">Ocean</a>; and <a href="../../../../articles/h/e/p/Hephaestus.html" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a> had his forge on "sea-girt <a href="../../../../articles/l/e/m/Lemnos.html" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a>".</p>
<p>The nexus of sea, otherworld and craft is most strikingly embodied in the Kabeiroi of <a href="../../../../articles/s/a/m/Samothrace.html" title="Samothrace">Samothrace</a>, who simultaneously oversaw salvation from shipwreck, metalcraft, and mystery-rites.</p>
<p><a name="Art_and_Literature" id="Art_and_Literature"></a></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="../../../../articles/b/i/b/Utilisateur%7EBibi_Saint-Pol_Cahier_de_brouillon_3a28.html" title="Modifier la section : Art and Literature">modifier</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Art and Literature</span></h2>
<p>In <a href="../../../../articles/h/o/m/Homer.html" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s heavily maritime <i><a href="../../../../articles/o/d/y/Odyssey.html" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>, <a href="../../../../articles/p/o/s/Poseidon.html" class="mw-redirect" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> rather than <a href="../../../../articles/z/e/u/Zeus.html" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> is the primary mover of events.</p>
<p>Although the sea-nymph <a href="../../../../articles/t/h/e/Thetis.html" class="mw-redirect" title="Thetis">Thetis</a> appears only at the beginning and end of the <i><a href="../../../../articles/i/l/i/Iliad.html" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>, being absent for much of the middle, she is a surprisingly powerful and nearly omniscient figure when she is present. She is easily able to sway the will of <a href="../../../../articles/z/e/u/Zeus.html" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, and to turn all the forges of <a href="../../../../articles/h/e/p/Hephaestus.html" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a> to her purposes. Her prophecy of Achilles' fate bespeaks a degree of foreknowledge not available to most other gods in the epic.</p>
<p>In Hellenistic art, the theme of the <i>marine thiasos</i> or "assembly of sea-gods" became a favorite of sculptors, allowing them to show off their skill in depicting flowing movement and aquiline grace in a way that land-based subjects did not.</p>
<p><a name="Bibliographie_2" id="Bibliographie_2"></a></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="../../../../articles/b/i/b/Utilisateur%7EBibi_Saint-Pol_Cahier_de_brouillon_3a28.html" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie">modifier</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Bibliographie</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><span style="cursor:help;font-family:monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:small" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</span> <a href="../../../../articles/k/a/r/Karl_Kerenyi_57fb.html" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Kerenyi">Karl Kerenyi</a>, « The Old Ones of the Sea », in <i>The Gods of the Greeks</i> ;</li>
<li>Marcel Detienne, <i>Les Maîtres de vérité dans la Grèce archaïque</i>, Maspero, 1973.</li>
</ul>
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